For the collateral consequences of justice system contact, see Department of Health and Human Services, accessed October 19,Дў020. Planning and Evaluation, вЂњIncarceration and Reentry,вЂќ U.S. footnote3_p229bf2 3 For incarceration and correctional control numbers, see Wendy Sawyer and Peter Wagner, Mass Incarceration: The Whole PieДў020, Prison Policy Initiative, 2020, and Assistant Secretary for The facts are well known: 2.2 million people are behind bars more than 9 million people cycle in and out of the nationвЂ™s colossal network of local jails more than 4.5 million people are on probation or parole and more than 70 million people have conviction histories that subject them to lifelong consequences to their lives and livelihoods. Minton, Correctional Populations in the United States, 2017вЂ“2018, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2020, 11, appendix table 1, Although local jails and state prisons account for 91 percent of the nationвЂ™s incarcerated population, the federal government can lead the way. The crisis of overcriminalization and an excessive reliance on punitive enforcement feed the problem of mass incarceration. footnote1_psxhx34 1 Giovanni Russonello, вЂњHave Americans Warmed to Calls to вЂDefund the PoliceвЂ™?,вЂќ New York Times, J(updated The protests for racial justice that emerged in the summer of 2020 after the killings of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and so many others have intensified the demands for system and culture change, opening up political space for reform. There is a tangible opportunity to reconsider and reimagine how, and for whom, the criminal justice system operates. President-Elect Joe Biden will take office at a critical moment in the countryвЂ™s history. This agenda offers a path toward a more perfect union. This can be a moment of creativity and ferment. Others can be done by the executive branch. This agenda offers an array of steps that would help transform the criminal justice system.

President-Elect Biden, Vice President Elect Harris, and lawmakers of both parties have a chance to make significant progress. And the federal government, through its funding of state systems and through the actions of the Justice Department, can help to shift paradigms and move the country away from mass incarceration. In 2018 Congress enacted the First Step Act, meaningful but limited sentencing reform. Though most criminal justice policy is set at the state level, the federal government plays an outsize role. Amid partisan division, it has been a rare area where Republicans and Democrats have worked together. We must finally and fully commit to the vision that safety and equality go together.ДЇor the past decade, in fits and starts, government at all levels has finally begun to grapple with the need for reform. But reform must go far deeper than policing to address the broad reach and overreach of the criminal justice system, its harshly punitive approach, and the need to invest in communities. If we are to make clear as a society that Black lives matter, there must be a new relationship between police and the communities they are charged with serving and protecting. Plainly, criminal justice reform must be a core response to the demand for racial justice given voice in the wake of the killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor. And it is not necessary to keep our communities safe. It reinforces systemic patterns of racial inequity across our society, with vastly unequal treatment at every step. Mass incarceration has crushing consequences: racial, social, and economic. We have less than 5 percent of the worldвЂ™s population but nearly 25 percent of its prisoners. The United StatesвЂ™ criminal justice system is broken.

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